Dalam dua eksperimen ini, kami memperkenalkan empat pembolehubah berbeza untuk mengesahkan ketepatan relatif model 3D. Empat pembolehubah yang berbeza ialah:
1: Jenis dron pembawa: dron VTOL atau dron berbilang rotor
2: GSD yang berbeza
3: Dengan/Tanpa titik kawalan tanah
4:Dengan/Tanpa data PPK
Drone pembawa |
Kamera serong |
GSD |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
2cm |
ya |
Bilangan Objek |
ukuran panjang(L0) |
Panjang model 3D(L1)tanpa GCP |
Panjang model 3D(L2)dengan GCP |
Ds1(L0-L1) |
Ds2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.20 |
7.21 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
|
8.706 |
8.71 |
8.68 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
|
10.961 |
10.87 |
10.90 |
0.09 |
0.06 |
2 |
7.010 |
6.89 |
6.98 |
0.12 |
0.03 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.79 |
1.80 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.39 |
10.40 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.67 |
10.70 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.75 |
13.77 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.39 |
11.39 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
|
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.13 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
8 |
7.526 |
7.51 |
7.49 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
|
13.797 |
13.79 |
13.81 |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.36 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.03 |
2.02 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
|
4.281 |
4.15 |
4.16 |
0.13 |
0.12 |
11 |
14.675 |
14.61 |
14.66 |
0.07 |
0.02 |
|
8.600 |
8.60 |
8.54 |
0.00 |
0.06 |
12 |
13.394 |
13.37 |
13.35 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.88 |
12.89 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.20 |
7.18 |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.35 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
|
6.435 |
6.40 |
6.41 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
16 |
3.742 |
3.75 |
3.72 |
-0.01 |
0.02 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.97 |
5.98 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.93 |
3.89 |
0.01 |
0.05 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.10 |
8.12 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.40 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
20 |
6.077 |
6.04 |
6.03 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.66 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
RMSE: Ds1=0.0342m,Ds2=0.0308m |
Drone pembawa |
Kamera serong |
GSD |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
2cm |
Tidak |
Bilangan Objek |
ukuran panjang(L0) |
Panjang model 3D(L1)tanpa GCP |
Panjang model 3D(L2)dengan GCP |
Ds1(L0-L1) |
Ds2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.18 |
7.18 |
0.030 |
0.030 |
8.706 |
8.69 |
8.68 |
0.016 |
0.026 |
|
10.961 |
10.89 |
10.91 |
0.071 |
0.051 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.88 |
6.92 |
0.130 |
0.090 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.79 |
0.062 |
0.032 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.38 |
10.39 |
0.030 |
0.020 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.65 |
10.66 |
0.068 |
0.058 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.72 |
13.77 |
0.067 |
0.017 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.41 |
11.38 |
-0.006 |
0.024 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.12 |
0.017 |
0.027 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.44 |
7.47 |
0.086 |
0.056 |
13.797 |
13.83 |
13.83 |
-0.033 |
-0.033 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.34 |
0.024 |
0.034 |
10 |
2.109 |
1.98 |
2.03 |
0.129 |
0.079 |
4.281 |
4.14 |
4.18 |
0.141 |
0.101 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.55 |
14.59 |
0.125 |
0.085 |
8.600 |
8.58 |
8.57 |
0.020 |
0.030 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.36 |
13.35 |
0.034 |
0.044 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.95 |
12.92 |
-0.010 |
0.020 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
-0.020 |
-0.020 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.36 |
0.011 |
0.011 |
6.435 |
6.37 |
6.43 |
0.065 |
0.005 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.74 |
3.72 |
0.002 |
0.022 |
17 |
6.022 |
6.03 |
6.00 |
-0.008 |
0.022 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.91 |
3.94 |
0.027 |
-0.003 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.09 |
8.09 |
0.030 |
0.030 |
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.41 |
0.011 |
0.001 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.06 |
6.03 |
0.017 |
0.047 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.68 |
13.65 |
0.016 |
0.046 |
RMSE: Ds1=0.0397m,Ds2=0.0328m |
Drone pembawa |
Kamera serong |
GSD |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
1.5cm |
ya |
Bilangan Objek |
ukuran panjang(L0) |
Panjang model 3D(L1)tanpa GCP |
Panjang model 3D(L2)dengan GCP |
Ds1(L0-L1) |
Ds2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.20 |
7.21 |
0.01 |
0.00 |
8.706 |
8.69 |
8.7 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
|
10.961 |
10.88 |
10.89 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.87 |
6.99 |
0.14 |
0.02 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.75 |
1.78 |
0.07 |
0.04 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.38 |
10.39 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.69 |
10.69 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.78 |
13.76 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.39 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
12.147 |
12.12 |
12.12 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.49 |
7.51 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
13.797 |
13.78 |
13.8 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.34 |
10.35 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.02 |
2.11 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
4.281 |
4.21 |
4.28 |
0.07 |
0.00 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.65 |
14.68 |
0.03 |
0.00 |
8.600 |
8.57 |
8.53 |
0.03 |
0.07 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.40 |
13.37 |
-0.01 |
0.02 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.89 |
12.91 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.18 |
7.2 |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.38 |
13.35 |
-0.01 |
0.02 |
6.435 |
6.46 |
6.4 |
-0.03 |
0.03 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.75 |
3.71 |
-0.01 |
0.03 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.97 |
5.98 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.91 |
3.89 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.08 |
8.1 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
14.411 |
14.38 |
14.39 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.05 |
6.03 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.67 |
13.64 |
0.03 |
0.06 |
RMSE: Ds1=0.0328m,Ds2=0.0249m |
Drone pembawa |
Kamera serong |
GSD |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
1.5cm |
Tidak |
Bilangan Objek |
ukuran panjang(L0) |
Panjang model 3D(L1)tanpa GCP |
Panjang model 3D(L2)dengan GCP |
Ds1(L0-L1) |
Ds2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.20 |
7.21 |
0.010 |
0 |
8.706 |
8.65 |
8.68 |
0.056 |
0.026 |
|
10.961 |
10.90 |
10.87 |
0.061 |
0.091 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.86 |
6.88 |
0.150 |
0.13 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.76 |
0.062 |
0.062 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.37 |
10.38 |
0.040 |
0.03 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.68 |
10.72 |
0.038 |
-0.002 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.71 |
13.79 |
0.077 |
-0.003 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.38 |
0.024 |
0.024 |
12.147 |
12.12 |
12.13 |
0.027 |
0.017 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.49 |
7.53 |
0.036 |
-0.004 |
13.797 |
13.77 |
13.78 |
0.027 |
0.017 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.37 |
0.024 |
0.004 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.09 |
2.11 |
0.019 |
-0.001 |
4.281 |
4.19 |
4.28 |
0.091 |
0.001 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.64 |
14.67 |
0.035 |
0.005 |
8.600 |
8.57 |
8.58 |
0.030 |
0.02 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.38 |
13.39 |
0.014 |
0.004 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.91 |
12.9 |
0.030 |
0.04 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.20 |
7.19 |
-0.010 |
0 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.38 |
13.37 |
-0.009 |
0.001 |
6.435 |
6.43 |
6.42 |
0.005 |
0.015 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.70 |
3.7 |
0.042 |
0.042 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.99 |
5.98 |
0.032 |
0.042 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.94 |
3.91 |
-0.003 |
0.027 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.12 |
8.07 |
0.000 |
0.05 |
14.411 |
14.37 |
14.38 |
0.041 |
0.031 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.04 |
6.04 |
0.037 |
0.037 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.65 |
0.046 |
0.046 |
RMSE: Ds1=0.0356m,Ds2=0.0259m |
Drone pembawa |
Kamera serong |
GSD |
PPK |
DJI M600 Pro Multi-rotor |
DG4pros |
1.5cm |
Tidak |
Bilangan Objek |
ukuran panjang(L0) |
Panjang model 3D(L1)tanpa GCP |
Panjang model 3D(L2)dengan GCP |
Ds1(L0-L1) |
Ds2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.19 |
7.21 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
8.706 |
8.70 |
8.70 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
|
10.961 |
10.91 |
10.91 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.98 |
6.98 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.79 |
1.80 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.39 |
10.39 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.69 |
10.70 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.76 |
13.75 |
0.03 |
0.04 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.38 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
12.147 |
12.12 |
12.13 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.50 |
7.49 |
0.03 |
0.04 |
13.797 |
13.77 |
13.79 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.33 |
10.35 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.02 |
2.07 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
4.281 |
4.20 |
4.21 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.65 |
14.66 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
8.600 |
8.57 |
8.57 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.35 |
13.35 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.92 |
12.93 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.17 |
7.18 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.35 |
13.36 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
6.435 |
6.41 |
6.42 |
0.02 |
0.01 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.70 |
3.71 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.99 |
6.00 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.89 |
3.91 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.08 |
8.10 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
14.411 |
14.36 |
14.35 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.06 |
6.06 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.67 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
RMSE: Ds1=0.0342m,Ds2=0.0256m |
Pembolehubah eksperimen 1 ialah:
1:Dengan/Tanpa data PPK.
2:Jenis dron pembawa : dron VTOL atau dron berbilang rotor
3: GSD berbeza:1.5 cm atau 2cm
Selepas analisis lima set data eksperimen, kita boleh membuat kesimpulan berikut:
Apabila kamera serong ialah DG4Pros:
(1) Dengan/Tanpa titik kawalan tanah (GCP) yang terlibat dalam triangulasi AT, sama ada ia adalah VTOL atau drone berbilang pemutar, sama ada GSD adalah 2cm atau 1.5cm, model 3D yang dibina oleh kamera serong DG4Pros boleh memenuhi keperluan ralat ketepatan relatif Ds≤10cm.
(2) Apabila dengan/tanpa GCP ialah pembolehubah tunggal, ketepatan relatif model 3D dengan GCP adalah lebih baik daripada tanpa GCP.
(3) Apabila GSD ialah pembolehubah tunggal, ketepatan relatif model 3D yang GSD 1.5cm adalah lebih baik daripada GSD 2cm itu.
(4) Apabila dron pembawa ialah pembolehubah tunggal, ketepatan relatif model 3D yang menggunakan multi-rotor adalah lebih baik daripada menggunakan VTOL sebagai dron pembawa.
Drone pembawa |
Kamera serong |
GSD |
GCP |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
2cm |
TIDAK |
Bilangan Objek |
ukuran panjang(L0) |
Panjang model 3D(L1)tanpa PPK |
Panjang model 3D(L2)dengan PPK |
Ds1(L0-L1) |
Ds2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.18 |
7.20 |
0.030 |
0.01 |
8.706 |
8.69 |
8.71 |
0.016 |
0.00 |
|
10.961 |
10.89 |
10.87 |
0.071 |
0.09 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.88 |
6.89 |
0.130 |
0.12 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.79 |
0.062 |
0.03 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.38 |
10.39 |
0.030 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.65 |
10.67 |
0.068 |
0.05 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.72 |
13.75 |
0.067 |
0.04 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.41 |
11.39 |
-0.006 |
0.01 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.13 |
0.017 |
0.02 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.44 |
7.51 |
0.086 |
0.02 |
13.797 |
13.83 |
13.79 |
-0.033 |
0.01 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.35 |
0.024 |
0.02 |
10 |
2.109 |
1.98 |
2.03 |
0.129 |
0.08 |
4.281 |
4.14 |
4.15 |
0.141 |
0.13 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.55 |
14.61 |
0.125 |
0.07 |
8.600 |
8.58 |
8.60 |
0.020 |
0.00 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.36 |
13.37 |
0.034 |
0.02 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.95 |
12.88 |
-0.010 |
0.06 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.21 |
7.20 |
-0.020 |
-0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.36 |
0.011 |
0.01 |
6.435 |
6.37 |
6.40 |
0.065 |
0.03 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.74 |
3.75 |
0.002 |
-0.01 |
17 |
6.022 |
6.03 |
5.97 |
-0.008 |
0.05 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.91 |
3.93 |
0.027 |
0.01 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.09 |
8.10 |
0.030 |
0.02 |
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.40 |
0.011 |
0.01 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.06 |
6.04 |
0.017 |
0.04 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.68 |
13.65 |
0.016 |
0.05 |
RMSE Ds1=0.0397m,Ds2=0.0342m |